Land-use change and Biogeochemical controls of soil CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes in Cameroonian forest landscapes

Deforestation and land-use change are accelerating in the Congo Basin and elsewhere in the tropics affecting the soil-atmosphere exchange of greenhouse gases (GHG). There is a lack of data from Central Africa. We quantified fluxes of CO$_{2}$, CH$_{4}$, and N$_{2}$O at the soil-atmosphere interface in a secondary forest, a cocoa agroforest, and an unfertilized cropland. Soil respiration was highest in the secondary forest (15.37 ± 3.42 Mg C ha$^{-1}$ y$^{-1}$), intermediate in the cacao agroforest (12.26 ± 2.91 Mg C ha$^{-1}$ y$^{-1}$) and the lowest in the unfertilized cropland (8.74 ± 2.62 Mg C ha$^{-1}$ y$^{-1}$). Likewise, N$_{2}$O fluxes were highest in the secondary forest (2.17 ± 0.20 kg N ha$^{-1}$ y$^{-1}$), intermediate in the cacao agroforest (1.40 ± 0.08 kg N ha$^{-1}$ y$^{-1}$) and lowest in the unfertilized cropland (1.04 ± 0.15 kg N ha$^{-1}$ y$^{-1}$). Soils were a sink for atmospheric CH$_{4}$ and sink strength was high in the secondary forest (−3.60 ± 1.83 kg CH$_{4}$ ha$^{-1}$ y$^{-1}$) and cacao agroforest (−3.61 ± 2.09 kg CH$_{4}$ ha$^{-1}$ y$^{-1}$) and low in the unfertilized cropland (−1.9 ± 1.59 kg CH$_{4}$ ha$^{-1}$ y$^{-1}$). ... mehrVariation in soil water content rather than temperature was the dominant driver of seasonal variations of the fluxes at all study sites and N availability affected both N$_{2}$O and CH$_{4}$ fluxes. Our results suggest that tropical land-use change is decreasing soil respiration, decreasing the strength of the soil CH$_{4}$ sink and decreasing N$_{2}$O emissions, in landscapes that do not practice agriculture with chemical fertilization.