Intercomparison of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 abundances on regional scales in boreal areas using Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) analysis, COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON) spectrometers, and Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite observations

We compare the atmospheric column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (XCO$_{2}$) and methane (XCH$_{4}$) measured with a pair of COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON) spectrometers at Kiruna and Sodankylä (boreal areas). We compare model data provided by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) between 2017 and 2019 with XCH$_{4}$ data from the recently launched Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite between 2018 and 2019. In addition, measured and modeled gradients of XCO$_{2}$ and XCH$_{4}$ (ΔXCO$_{2}$ and ΔXCH$_{4}$) on regional scales are investigated. Both sites show a similar and very good correlation between COCCON retrievals and the modeled CAMS XCO$_{2}$ data, while CAMS data are biased high with respect to COCCON by 3.72 ppm (±1.80 ppm) in Kiruna and 3.46 ppm (±1.73 ppm) in Sodankylä on average. For XCH$_{4}$, CAMS values are higher than the COCCON observations by 0.33 ppb (±11.93 ppb) in Kiruna and 7.39 ppb (±10.92 ppb) in Sodankylä. In contrast, the S5P satellite generally measures lower atmospheric XCH$_{4}$ than the COCCON spectrometers, with a mean difference of 9.69 ppb (±20.51 ppb) in Kiruna and 3.36 ppb (±17.05 ppb) in Sodankylä. ... mehrWe compare the gradients of XCO$_{2}$ and XCH$_{4}$ (ΔXCO$_{2}$ and ΔXCH$_{4}$) between Kiruna and Sodankylä derived from CAMS analysis and COCCON and S5P measurements to study the capability of detecting sources and sinks on regional scales. The correlations in ΔXCO$_{2}$ and ΔXCH$_{4}$ between the different datasets are generally smaller than the correlations in XCO$_{2}$ and XCH$_{4}$ between the datasets at either site. The ΔXCO$_{2}$ values predicted by CAMS are generally higher than those observed with COCCON with a slope of 0.51. The ΔXCH$_{4}$ values predicted by CAMS are mostly higher than those observed with COCCON with a slope of 0.65, covering a larger dataset than the comparison between S5P and COCCON. When comparing CAMS ΔXCH$_{4}$ with COCCON ΔXCH$_{4}$ only in S5P overpass days (slope = 0.53), the correlation is close to that between S5P and COCCON (slope = 0.51). CAMS, COCCON, and S5P predict gradients in reasonable agreement. However, the small number of observations coinciding with S5P limits our ability to verify the performance of this spaceborne sensor. We detect no significant impact of ground albedo and viewing zenith angle on the S5P results. Both sites show similar situations with the average ratios of XCH$_{4}$ (S5P/COCCON) of 0.9949±0.0118 in Kiruna and 0.9953±0.0089 in Sodankylä. Overall, the results indicate that the COCCON instruments have the capability of measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) gradients on regional scales, and observations performed with the portable spectrometers can contribute to inferring sources and sinks and to validating spaceborne greenhouse gas sensors. To our knowledge, this is the first published study using COCCON spectrometers for the validation of XCH$_{4}$ measurements collected by S5P.