A beneficial combination of formic acid as a processing additive and fluoroethylene carbonate as an electrolyte additive for Li${}_4$Ti${}_5$O${}_{12}$ lithium-ion anodes

The aqueous processing of lithium transition metal oxide active materials such as Li${}_4$Ti${}_5$O${}_{12}$ (LTO) into electrodes remains a challenge owing to the high reactivity of such materials in contact with water, resulting in a rapid pH increase, aluminum current collector corrosion, and inferior cycling stability. Herein, the addition of formic acid (FA) as an electrode slurry processing additive is investigated, including a variation of the mixing speed as an additional important parameter. Following the identification of suitable electrode preparation conditions, the effect of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) as an electrolyte additive is studied in half-cells and full-cells comprising a LiNi${}_{0.5}$Mn${}_{0.3}$Co${}_{0.2}$O${}_2$ (NMC${}_{532}$) based positive electrode. Owing to the beneficial impact of FEC on the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed at the LTO|electrolyte interface, involving specifically the suppression of lithium salt decomposition, both the half-cells and the LTO‖NMC${}_{532}$ full-cells exhibit a superior performance, achieving a capacity retention of 84.3% and 64.1% after 5000 and 10 000 cycles at 2C, respectively.