Ground motion emissions due to wind turbines: observations, acoustic coupling, and attenuation relationships

Emissions from wind turbines (WT) cover a wide range of infrasound and ground motions. When they are per- ceived as immissions by local residents, they can become a source of disturbance or annoyance. To mitigate such disturbances, it is necessary to better understand and, if possible, suppress WT-induced emissions. Within the project Inter- Wind we record and analyze ground motion signals in the vicinity of two wind farms on the Swabian Alb in southern Germany, simultaneously with acoustic and meteorological measurements, as well as psychological surveys done by co- operating research groups. The investigated wind farms con- sist of 3 and 16 WTs, respectively, and are located on the Alb peneplain at 700–800 m height, approximately 300 m higher than the two municipalities considered in our study. Our main aim is to better understand reasons why residents may be affected from WT immissions. Known ground motions include vibrations due to eigen-modes of the WT tower and blades, and the interaction between the passing blade and the tower, causing signals at con- stant frequencies below 12 Hz. In addition, we observe sig- nals in ground motion recordings at frequencies up to 90 Hz which are proportional to the blade-passing frequency. ... mehrWe can correlate these signals with acoustic recordings and esti-ate sound pressure to ground motion coupling transfer coefficients of 3–16.5 μm s−1 Pa−1. Sources for these emissions are the WT generator and possibly the gearing box. The identification of such noise sources can help to find measures to reduce disturbances in order to increase the public acceptance of WTs. Residents perceive more disturbance at the location where the wind farm is closer to the municipality (approximately 1 km). However, there is also a major railway line which produces higher vibration and infrasound signal amplitudes compared to the WTs. Along the measurement lines the decay rate of the WT- induced ground motions is determined for a damping relation proportional to 1/rb. We find frequency-dependent b values for different scenarios at our geological setting of Jurassic limestone on marl, sandstone, and Quaternary deposits. These damping relationships can be used to estimate emissions in the far field and to plan mitigation strategies.