Denitrification Losses in Response to N Fertilizer Rates—Integrating High Temporal Resolution N$_2$O, In Situ $^{15}$N$_2$O and $^{15}$N$_2$ Measurements and Fertilizer $^{15}$N Recoveries in Intensive Sugarcane Systems

Denitrification is a key process in the global nitrogen (N) cycle, causing both nitrous oxide (N$_2$O) and dinitrogen (N$_2$) emissions. However, estimates of seasonal denitrification losses (N$_2$O + N$_2$) are scarce, reflecting methodological difficulties in measuring soil-borne N$_2$ emissions against the high atmospheric N$_2$ background and challenges regarding their spatio-temporal upscaling. This study investigated N$_2$O + N$_2$ losses in response to N fertilizer rates (0, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg N ha$^{−1}$) on two intensively managed tropical sugarcane farms in Australia, by combining automated N$_2$O monitoring, in situ N$_2$ and N$_2$O measurements using the $^{15}$N gas flux method and fertilizer $^{15}$N recoveries at harvest. Dynamic changes in the N$_2$O/(N$_2$O + N$_2$) ratio (<0.01 to 0.768) were explained by fitting generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) with soil factors to upscale high temporal-resolution N$_2$O data to daily N$_2$ emissions over the season. Cumulative N$_2$O + N$_2$ losses ranged from 12 to 87 kg N ha$^{−1}$, increasing non-linearly with increasing N fertilizer rates. Emissions of N$_2$O + N$_2$ accounted for 31%–78% of fertilizer $^{15}$N losses and were dominated by environmentally benign N$_2$ emissions. ... mehrThe contribution of denitrification to N fertilizer loss decreased with increasing N rates, suggesting increasing significance of other N loss pathways including leaching and runoff at higher N rates. This study delivers a blueprint approach to extrapolate denitrification measurements at both temporal and spatial scales, which can be applied in fertilized agroecosystems. Robust estimates of denitrification losses determined using this method will help to improve cropping system modeling approaches, advancing our understanding of the N cycle across scales.