Fulfilling fuel specifications and resulting challenges of refuels

Immediately effective CO2 savings can only be achieved in the existing vehicle fleet. For this reason, it is important to produce drop-in fuels in accordance with the current quality standards EN228 and EN590, which have a high regeneratively produced content. Within the project "reFuels- rethinking fuels" both BtL- and PtL-fuels are produced and investigated in a holistic manner. In this study, the focus is on the use of gasoline fuel, which is within the valid EN228 standard and has a regenerative content of 40%. The fuel, called G40, has an octane number higher than 100 as a relevant difference to conventional gasoline.

The regenerative content of 40% is achieved by using 10% EtOH and 30% bioliq®. An improved bioliq® batch with reduced >C9 aromatics content was used. In previous studies, the increased aromatics content led to slightly higher particle emission, but this could be corrected with the improved batch.

Characteristic engine map measurements were performed in single-cylinder tests. As expected, the fuels behaved very similarly, with the influence of the octane number and the increased ethanol content compared to the E5 reference.
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In ICE cold start tests down to minus 7°C, the fuels therefore behave very similarly. There are slight advantages of the G40 in WLTC and RDE cycles with regards to the particle count. All tests revealed that G40 could replace conventional gasoline fuel without restrictions.