High-Pressure Torsion: A Path to Refractory High-Entropy Alloys from Elemental Powders

For the first time, the refractory high-entropy alloys with equiatomic compositions, HfNbTa-
TiZr and HfNbTiZr, were synthesized directly from a blend of elemental powders through ten
revolutions of high-pressure torsion (HPT) at room temperature. This method has demonstrated its
effectiveness and simplicity not only in producing solid bulk materials but also in manufacturing
refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs). Unlike the melting route, which typically results in pre-
dominantly single BCC phase alloys, both systems formed new three-phase alloys. These phases
were defined as the Zr-based hcp1 phase, the α-Ti-based hcp2 phase, and the Nb-based bcc phase.
The volume fraction of the phases was dependent on the accumulated plastic strain. The thermal
stability of the phases was studied by annealing samples at 500 ◦C for one hour, which resulted in the
formation of a mixed structure consisting of the new two hexagonal and cubic phases.