Oxidation progress and inner structure during single micron-sized iron particles combustion in a hot oxidizing atmosphere

The present experimental study focuses on the determination of the oxidation progress and internal structures during the combustion of single iron particles using combined in-situ optical measurements and ex-situ material examination of rapidly quenched particles. Narrowly sieved iron particles with a mean diameter of 49 µm are ignited and burn in the hot exhaust of a premixed CH${}_4$/O${}_2$/N${}_2$ flat flame with remaining 20 vol% O${}_2$, provided by a laminar flow reactor with well-defined thermal and flow boundary conditions. During particle combustion, key parameters of oxidation progress are determined optically in a time-resolved manner, such as the time-resolved particle surface temperature and the reaction time relative to the instant of the particle peak temperature. Furthermore, individually burning particles are rapidly quenched at different combustion stages and then extracted from the exhaust gas using an isokinetic extraction probe. The bulk composition of the quenched particles with respect to -Fe and its three oxides FeO, Fe${}_3$O${}_4$, and Fe${}_2$O${}_3$ is determined using Wide-angle X-ray Scattering and 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy. ... mehrCombining the information obtained from in-situ and ex-situ measurements, it is shown that iron particles oxidize rapidly to FeO during the initial stage of combustion, followed by a much slower oxidation to Fe${}_3$O${}_4$ as the particles cool down. The peak particle temperatures are measured during the fast initial oxidation. Finally, particles sampled from representative positions of the oxidation process are analyzed by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy, revealing different particle morphology and internal structures. For the first time, the clear presence of an oxide shell and iron-core structure in quenched particles suggests that liquid iron and liquid iron oxide are layered during liquid phase combustion, if the particle remains within the miscible gap.