Achieving stable lithium metal anode via constructing lithiophilicity gradient and regulating Li${}_3$N-rich SEI

Three-dimensional (3D) current collectors are studied for the application of Li metal anodes in high-energy battery systems. However, they still suffer from the preferential accumulation of Li on the outermost surface, resulting from an inadequate regulation of the Li${}^{+}$ transport. Herein, we propose a deposition regulation strategy involving the creation of a 3D lithiophilicity gradient structure of MoN on Cu${}_3$N nanowire-grown Cu foam (MCNCF) to induce a “bottom-up” Li deposition. During the initial Li deposition, the reaction between Li and Cu${}_3$N leads to the formation of Li${}_3$N while the lithiophilic MoN located at the bottom promotes the downward Li${}^{+}$ migration, resulting in the generation of a Li${}_3$N gradient. Such a “bottom-up” Li${}_3$N distribution results in the formation of a stable and Li${}_3$N-rich solid electrolyte interphase layer, facilitating the Li⁺ transport and promoting a uniform Li nucleation. Computational simulations and experimental results corroborate the preferential deposition of Li on the bottom of the substrate, leading to a uniform Li nucleation and growth throughout the electrode. The MCNCF electrode offers a significantly improved reversibility of the Li deposition, achieving a lifespan of more than 1200 h at a current density of 1 mA cm${}^{-2}$ in symmetric Li||Li cells. ... mehrFurthermore, full-cells incorporating MCNCF@Li as the negative electrode and LiFePO${}_4$ cathodes exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance with a capacity retention of over 99.5 % after 250 cycles at 1 C, which significantly surpasses the performance achieved with CF@Li or CCF@Li electrodes. This innovative design strategy for 3D metallic current collectors, featuring a lithiophilicity gradient, provides new perspectives for the development of stable Li metal anodes and, as a result, for the advancement of Li-metal batteries.