INSIDE seismic monitoring approaches: Capabilities versus costs

This report evaluates the capabilities of different seismic monitoring approaches applied during the INSIDE project. These approaches cover traditional surface and borehole seismometers, a mini-array of geophones, and a Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) system. This analysis uses as a prerequisite the catalogue of seismic events described in a separate report.
The monitoring concept developed in the frame of the project is briefly summarized in Section 2. Then, we present the monitoring results obtained from “unconventional” monitoring stations, i.e. a DAS station and a mini-array. We focus on comparing the ability of different technologies to detect seismic events (Section 3), characterize their source properties (Section 4). In addition, we evaluate the use of ambient noise for site characterization (Section 5). Finally, a cost comparison is provided, considering both installation and maintenance expenses for various monitoring solutions.
In the Section 7 of the report, the results are summarized, and recommendations are provided based on experience gained in INSIDE.