Dynamic thermalization on noisy quantum hardware

Relaxation after a global quench is a natural way to probe thermalization in closed quantum systems. When a system relaxes after the quench, thermal observables emerge in the absence of constraints, provided long-time averaging or a large system. We demonstrate a thermalization mechanism based on averaging the observables over realizations of a global quench protocol that does not rely on a system’s size or long-time evolution. The quench abruptly establishes all-to-all couplings of random strength in a few-body system and initializes the dynamics. Shortly after the quench, the observables averaged over realizations of random couplings become stationary. The average occupation probabilities of many-body energy states equilibrate toward the Gibbs distribution with a finite positive or negative absolute temperature that depends on the initial state’s energy, withthe negative temperatures occurring due to the confined spectrum of the system. Running an experiment on an IBM Quantum computer (IBMQ) for four qubits, we report the utility of the digital quantum computer for predicting thermal observables and their fluctuations for positive or negative absolute temperatures. ... mehrImplementing thermalization on IBMQ, this result facilitates probing the dynamical emergence of thermal equilibrium and, consequently, equilibrium properties of matter at finite temperatures on noisy intermediate-scale quantum hardware.