A human-centric analysis of life cycle assessments: development and validation of a subject-oriented model

The European Union aims to reach net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, with a target of at least a 55% reduction by 2030 compared to 1990, to mitigate climate change. This requires various institutions to perform life cycle assessments (LCAs) to assess their environmental impacts. LCA endeavours are non-trivial, and understanding or at least accepting the according processes or better incorporating them in an organisation’s operations is paramount. This paper presents a subject-oriented reference model for LCAs. The model was developed by integrating findings from a deductive analysis and improved iteratively through expert feedback. The model clarifies individual roles within the LCA process and is visualised through diagrams that improve understanding for both experts and novices. The evaluation survey affirmed that the model is in line with established norms and can serve as an educational tool for newcomers to the field. The model not only serves current educational and practical needs, but also sets the foundations for a human-centric approach to LCA that can be implemented in the future.