Orbital stability of plane waves in the Klein–Gordon equation against localized pertubations

We investigate the stability and long-term behavior of spatially periodic plane waves in the complex Klein-Gordon equation under localized perturbations. Such perturbations render the wave neither localized nor periodic, placing its stability analysis outside the scope of the classical orbital stability theory for Hamiltonian systems developed by Grillakis, Shatah, and Strauss. Inspired by Zhidkov’s work on the stability of time-periodic, spatially homogeneous states in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, we develop an alternative method that relies on an amplitude-phase decomposition and leverages conserved quantities tailored to the perturbation equation. We establish an orbital stability result of plane waves that is locally uniform in space, accommodating $L^2$-localized perturbations as well as nonlocalized phase modulations. Incertain regimes, our method even allows for unbounded modulations. Our result is sharp in the sense that it holds up to the spectral stability boundary.