Global Spline Fit (GSF) 2024

The Global Spline Fit (GSF) is a data-driven parametrization of cosmic-ray flux and mass composition. It combines direct and indirect measurements of cosmic-ray flux of individual elements from 1 GeV to 1011 GeV, considering their uncertainties. At lower energies, the flux is corrected to the local interstellar spectra using the individual data-taking periods of the experiments. The systematic energy scale uncertainty for each experiment is treated as a nuisance parameter and minimized jointly with other model parameters, thus matching the flux from indirect measurements above the knee to direct measurements below the knee region. Since the original work was presented in 2017, many new measurements have been published by both direct and indirect cosmic-ray experiments. In this study, an updated GSF is shown, including datasets from the last seven years. We assess the mutual compatibility and demonstrate the impact of the newly added data on the all-particle flux and mass composition over 11 decades in energy.