Light-Induced Transcription in Zebrafish Targets Mitochondrial Function and Heme Metabolism

In fish cells, light exposure elevates levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stress-
activated MAP kinase activity and thereby induces gene transcription. However, we lack
a complete understanding of the function and evolution of this regulatory mechanism.
Here, we reveal that a set of mitochondrial and heme metabolism genes is transcriptionally
induced in zebrafish cells upon exposure to light or elevated ROS. The integrity of D-box
and E-box enhancers in these gene promoters is essential for their transcriptional activation.
Furthermore, light-induced transcription of mitochondrial and heme metabolism genes is
absent in a cell line derived from the blind Somalian cavefish (Phreatichthys andruzzii). This
fish species has evolved in perpetual darkness and lacks light-dependent circadian and
DNA repair responses as well as D-box-mediated and light- and ROS-induced transcription.
PAR-bZip transcription factors bind to and activate transcription via the D-box. Cavefish
homologs of these factors share extensive homology with their zebrafish counterparts
and lack the deletion mutations that characterize other light-dependent genes in this
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species. These results extend the role of the D-box as a key regulator of light- and ROS-
driven transcription in fish, beyond the circadian clock and DNA repair systems, to also
encompass metabolic and mitochondrial function.