Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among younger adults in Germany during the post-pandemic period

Background
Adolescence and early adulthood are crucial periods marked by identity formation and increased vulnerability to mental health issues, with most mental disorders beginning before the age of 25. Today’s youth face amplified risks during a period characterized by multiple societal crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change and economic instability, potentially disrupting age-typical developmental tasks and contributing to rising rates of anxiety and depression. This study aimed to investigate longitudinal patterns of anxiety and depression symptoms across four generational cohorts.

Methods
This study drew on data from the German subsample of the ongoing “SOSEC – Social Sentiment in Times of Crises” project. In total, 25,143 individuals contributed 112,858 survey entries, responding to items on depression and anxiety symptoms based on modified versions of the PHQ-9 and GAD-2. Generational groups were defined based on year of birth (Generation Z: 1995–2007; Generation Y: 1980–1994; Generation X: 1965–1979; Baby Boomers/Traditionalists: 1925–1964). Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine associations of generation, survey period, gender and employment status with reported symptom levels, including interaction terms and post-hoc comparisons.
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Results
On average, Generation Z reported higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms compared to older generations across all survey periods (all p < .001). Women reported higher symptom levels than men and employment was associated to lower symptom levels.

Conclusions
The findings indicate persistently elevated levels of self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms among younger respondents, particularly Generation Z. Associations with employment suggest potential avenues for targeted prevention. Cautious interpretation is warranted, given the observational design and potential confounding factors. These results highlight the importance of monitoring mental health trajectories in young populations during periods of societal stress.