A review of battery failure: classification, mechanisms, analysis, and management

With the rapid development of new energy technologies, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become the core components of energy storage systems and electric vehicles. Battery failure poses a serious threat to system safety and reliability. In this work, the failure types, causes, hazards, analysis methods, and management methods of LIBs are systematically reviewed. The failure types are mainly divided into performance degradation and safety failure, which are coupled with each other. From the internal material structure of the battery to the operating condition, there are reasons for battery failure. When a battery fails, minor issues may lead to reduced performance, while more serious failures can result in safety hazards. Battery failure analysis mainly includes experimental characterization and data analysis, and failure management mainly includes sensor measurement and dynamic management. At present, the challenges in solving the battery failure problem are mainly concentrated in three aspects: material, perception, and management. Therefore, based on the above three aspects, this work puts forward research prospects for future development, hoping to inspire the solution of the battery failure problem.