The fate of smectite in KOH solutions

The aim of the present study was to investigate the detailed evolution of the SAz-1 smectite in 1 M KOH at 80 °C at a solid/liquid ratio of 1/80. AFM observations indicated no change in crystal size or shape. XRD measurements at 40% relative humidity revealed changes in expandability of the smectite. The (001) reflection profile of smectite was modeled using a trial-and-error approach. The results indicate that with increasing run time, the number of non-expandable layers with zero or one water layer increases and that the coherent scattering domain size of the smectite decreases. IR spectroscopy of the reacted smectite suggests that there is no change from the initial clay products. The dehydroxylation temperature showed a slight decrease from 619 to 605 °C. STA measurements demonstrated that the cis-vacant character of the octahedral sheet remained nearly unchanged throughout the experiment. Determination of the average layer charge showed a continuous increase from 0.32 to 0.42 eq/(Si/Al)$_{4}$O$_{10}$, whereas the layer charge distribution indicated the appearance of high charged smectite layers with a charge of ~ 0.6 eq/(Si/Al)$_{4}$O$_{10}$ and the disappearance of the low charged layers. ... mehrXPS and SEM measurements indicate an increase of Al in the smectite samples. Isotope data support the theory of an internal diffusion mechanism by gradual changes in δ$^{18}$O values.
From these data it appears that KOH solutions provoke a mineralogical change in the 2:1 layer of the smectite minerals that increases the layer charge by increasing the Al content. This mineralogical change does not involve dissolution/crystallization processes and then must show solid-state transformation of the clays at 80 °C.