Implications of the principle of effective stress

While Terzaghi justified his principle of effective stress for water-saturated soil empirically, it can be derived by means of the neutrality of the mineral with respect to changes of the pore water pressure 𝑝$_{𝑤}$. This principle works also with dilating shear bands arising beyond critical points of saturated grain fabrics, and with patterns of shear bands as relics of critical phenomena. The shear strength of over-consolidated clay is explained without effective cohesion, which results also from swelling up to decay, while rapid shearing of water-saturated clay can lead to a cavitation of pore water. The 𝑝$_{𝑤}$-neutrality is also confirmed by triaxial tests with sandstone samples, while Biot’s relation with a reduction factor for 𝑝$_{𝑤}$ is contestable. An effective stress tensor is heuristically legitimate also for soil and rock with relics of critical phenomena, particularly for critical points with a Mohr–Coulomb condition. Therein, the 𝑝$_{𝑤}$-neutrality of the solid mineral determines the interaction of solid fabric and pore water, but numerical models are questionable due to fractal features.