A comprehensive review on liquid hydrogen transfer operations and safety considerations for mobile applications

The adoption of liquid hydrogen (LH2) as an energy carrier presents significant opportunities for distributing large quantities of hydrogen efficiently. However, ensuring safety of LH2 transfer operations requires the evolution of suitable technologies and regulatory framework. This study offers an extensive overview of technical considerations and safety aspects pertaining to liquid hydrogen installations and mobile applications. A significant lack of regulations specifically tailored for LH2 transfer operations is highlighted. Additionally, experimental findings and outcomes of the modelling activities carried out in previous research are presented, shedding light on the combustion and ignition behaviour of liquid hydrogen during accident scenarios. The identification of research gaps and ongoing research projects underscores the importance of continued investigation and development of this critical area.